![]() It costs £10 more than the previous generation device, but the Amazon Kindle (2019) at last has LED lighting for reading in the dark or outdoors. The latest refresh, which came out in mid-2019, is a major upgrade for this humblest of ebook readers. The Kindle has been upgraded time and again since its initial launch back in November 2007 with better memory, longer battery life, and now it has a touchscreen as well. ![]() The standard Amazon Kindle remains a stalwart of the ebook reader market and an excellent choice for anybody buying their first ebook reader. Amazon Kindle: Best cheap ebook reader, now with a reading light READ NEXT: The best fiction and non-fiction audiobooks The best ebook readers you can buy 1. Released in May 2019, it is currently only available to buy in America. The latest B&N ebook reader is a premium offering called the Nook GlowLight Plus. What's more, they're hard to find in the UK. Although they are still being made, new models don't come out anywhere near as frequently as Kindle or Kobo devices. Barnes & Noble, the American book store chain, makes its own line of electronic book readers called Nook. There are, but they're just not on the level of Kindle and Kobo. Are there no other competitors out there? It’s now rare to find a hot new best-seller that is on Amazon but not on Kobo. An added benefit is that Kobo ebook readers are compatible with a wider range of file types than Kindle, and Kobo’s own library of ebooks is more comprehensive these days. You can also buy through indie bookstores to support physical businesses that have partnered with Kobo. Certain Amazon Kindle file types even work, too. The Kobo Library and local library OverDrive system are where you'll source your ebooks. Kobo users can buy or borrow ebooks from pretty much anywhere – apart from Amazon. READ NEXT: How to find the best free UK Kindle books What does Kobo's service have to offer? Prime Reading gives Prime members free access to a smaller library of 1,000 titles – including books, magazines, and comics – which they can download and keep. The former allows Amazon Prime subscribers with a Kindle device to borrow one book per month at no cost, with no due dates, from a choice of 600,000 books. Boons of siding with Amazon include family ebook sharing and the perks of the Kindle Owner’s Lending Library and Prime Reading service for Prime subscribers. If Amazon doesn’t have what you want (which is unlikely) you’ll have to go without. The downside is that the Amazon Kindle won’t read certain file types, as it’s only programmed to work with files purchased through Amazon’s Kindle library. ![]() All Amazon’s ebook reader devices have exclusive access to Amazon’s ridiculously large library of ebooks and magazines, which are often reasonably priced – and many are free. How to buy the best ebook reader for you Is Amazon the best ebook provider? Best ebook reader for children: Amazon Kindle Kids Edition | £100.Best Kindle alternative: Kobo Forma | £240.Best premium ebook reader: Amazon Kindle Oasis | £230.Best all-around ebook reader: Amazon Kindle Paperwhite | £130.Best cheap ebook reader: Amazon Kindle | £70.First, though, we'll explain all about the services they offer. In this article, we’ll assess the best ebook readers on the market today and, hopefully, help you make a decision about which one is right for you. In Kobo, Amazon does at least have some competition to ensure it’s not resting on its laurels.ĭespite the lack of companies performing competitively in the ebook reader game right now, there are still plenty of models available, each with varying levels of performance. The only other company that can fairly say it holds a light to Amazon is Kobo (it’s an anagram of “book”), the Canadian underdog that released its first ebook reader in 2010.īetween the two of them, they’ve not left much room for other companies to elbow their way into the market but that’s not necessarily a bad thing. For several years now, Amazon's Kindle devices have been deemed by many to be the best ebook readers out there, with the e-commerce giant achieving near-total domination of the ereader market.
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However, it is feasible that you go to the Xbox 360 Controller official site to download and update the latest drivers for Windows 10, but it may be a little troublesome for you if you are not a computer veteran. In this way, what you can pick up is the high-quality driver as well as the legitimate Xbox 360 Controller driver. Then Driver Booster will help you get the latest Xbox 360 Controller drivers as you like, you can do nothing else but click two clicks. You need to download, install and run Driver Booster at first. And as the best driver scanner, it can detected the most outdated and missing drivers for your computer.īesides the driver function, it supports to download and update the game components such as Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable, Microsoft XNA Framework Redistributable, OpenAL, etc. Or if you want to update the Xbox 360 Controller driver for an advanced or customized one, you can turn to Driver Booster, which is a professional and secure driver downloading and updating tool, you can rely on it.ĭriver Booster, an automatically drivers download and update tool, can help users to get the latest graphic driver, audio driver, USB driver, mouse driver etc with one click. Here if you cannot find the right driver for Xbox 360 Controller, maybe you can find it in Other Devices or Network adapters.ģ: Right click Xbox 360 Wireless Receiver for Windows and choose to Uninstall it.Ĥ: Click Scan for hardware changes or just restart your PC, then Windows 10 will automatically install a new Xbox 360 Controller driver. If the Xbox 360 Controller not connected or not working error persists on your PC, it turns out the fact that the Xbox 360 Controller drivers are experiencing some problems, therefore, you would better update the Xbox 360 Controller wireless or wired drivers to the latest version to avoid the driver corruption, missing or interference.Ģ: Expand the Xbox 360 Peripherals and find out Xbox 360 Wireless Receiver for Windows 10. Solution 3: Update Xbox 360 Controller drivers And here you can fix USB port not working issue on Windows 10. You can try to plug your Xbox 360 Controller into many different USB ports to test it, in this case, you may also be able to fix the Xbox 360 Controller blinking or flashing issues by reconnecting the Xbox 360 Controller to a different USB receiver. If the battery is in good condition, now you can try to plug your Xbox 360 Controller to another USB 2.0 or 3.0 port to check if it is the broken USB port that resulted in this Xbox 360 Controller not having a steady connection with Windows 10. But also if you are rechargeable battery consumer, you can just recharge the battery pack to see if the Xbox 360 Controller is working correctly. Or if you are using the Xbox wireless 360 Controller, you are advised to replace the former one with a new wireless Xbox 360 Controller battery pack. To complete this step, you can choose to insert a new AA battery pack into the Xbox 360 Controller. ![]() You should at first make sure the batteries of the Xbox 360 Controller is working properly on Windows 10. Solution 1: Check Xbox 360 Controller battery ![]() Now it is the time for curing this Xbox 360 not working disease. Just as you can imagine, the not working or not connected Xbox 360 Controller can be caused by the Xbox 360 Controller peripheral going wrong and the Xbox 360 Controller driver issues. But how to fix the Xbox 360 wired or wireless Controller not working on Windows 10/11 is far beyond your capacity. It is conceivable that you are very upset about its failing to work or sometimes, it is detected by Windows 10 but not configured when you are combating in a game. However, at the same time, you must be familiar with the scene that when you were playing the computer games, the Xbox 360 Controller suddenly stops working or works with a blinking / freezing buttons or cannot connect to the console. As Xbox 360 Controller passionate lovers, you can enjoy the great convenience it brings you. ![]() iSCSI Initiator and TargetĬonfiguration 30. File and Print Services for Microsoft® Windows® Clients Using Mail with a Dialup Connection 28.9. Locale Configuration for Specific Languages 24. RAID3 - Byte-level Striping withĭedicated Parity 19.5. GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework 19.1. Planning the Security Configuration 16.5. There is currently a new thread going on for the Jackson Guile shield. Monitoring Third Party Security Issues 14.11. Configuring Boot Time Splash Screens 13.4. After fighting most of the robots, Ben fights a giant robot, and after. Strangely, Ben can only change into Four Arms and Heatblast. Ben wakes up to see a large object crashing into the canyon, releasing some of Vilgax's Drones. ![]() While sleeping near the Grand Canyon, a mosquito-like drone begins absorbing DNA from Ben's Omnitrix. Configuring Linux® Binary Compatibility 11.3. Ben 10: Protector of Earth is the second Ben 10 console game. Building and Installing a Custom Kernel 9.6. Installing Applications: Packages and Ports 5.1. The bus is 'idle' when both lines are high (open. Communication: General Description The PS/2 mouse and keyboard implement a bidirectional synchronous serial protocol. Let me know if your experiences have proved otherwise. Mounting and Unmounting File Systems 4.8. into account the PIC's built-in protection diodes and sufficient current sinking, I think this is a valid configuration. Where those designations appear in this document,Īnd the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, theĭesignations have been followed by the “ ™” or the Manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimedĪs trademarks. in the United States and other countries. Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK,Īnd VirtualBox are trademarks or registered trademarks of RealAudio are the registered trademarks of RealNetworks, Trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other A savory assortment of enthusiasts, journalists, & developers. Registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are ResetEra is the internet's premier video gaming forum destination. Registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either MegaRAID and Mylex are trademarks or registered trademarks of LSI Its subsidiaries, in the United States and other countries. Trademarks and/or registered service marks of Intuit Inc., or one of Trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United I486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386, Trademarks of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the Majority of PS1 Libcrypt protected titles were crackable by an automated patching tool, so it was never a serious obstacle. It would be redundant for the closed system, such as PlayStation. Trademarks of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG in the U.S. I don't know any PS2 copy protected game as you have written in the title. ![]() Palatino, and Times Roman are either registered trademarks or Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Inc., Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other PostScript are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, Flash and ![]() Substance Painter’s texture bakers have been updated to support UV Tiles, with users able to specifiy which tiles and texture sets to bake, and to include UV tile numbers in filenames. Users can also hide masked tiles in the viewport, making it easier to access every part of the mesh. The update also adds a new UV Tile Mask system to Substance Painter’s layer stack: a type of secondary mask for texture layers that forces the software to discard the computation of specific UV tiles.Īdobe says that masking UV tiles should improve painting performance on complex projects. ![]() The UV tiles are then displayed in the 2D viewport in a new grid view, with the option to set the texture resolution of each tile individually. New options for displaying, masking and baking UV tilesĪrtists working with projects that use UV tiles can now import textures as image sequences, with Substance Painter automatically ingesting and organising the entire texture set. The changes extend Substance Painter’s existing support for the UDIM UV layout format used in applications like Mari, making it possible to paint seamlessly across separate tiles within a texture set.Īdobe says that it plans to support the native tile naming conventions of other applications that use tiled UV layouts, such as Mudbox and ZBrush, in future releases. The headline feature in Substance Painter 2020.2 is one that users have been asking for for a long time: seamless multichannel painting across UDIM tiles.Īdobe originally previewed the functionality a year ago during its Substance Days user event at Siggraph 2019, but it has taken longer than expected to make it to a public release. Paint seamlessly across UDIM texture tiles inside Substance Painter The update also adds the option to pause the Substance Painter engine while working, makes a number of improvements to overall performance, and reduces the size of project files that the software generates. the latest version of its 3D texture painting software, adding a long-awaited feature: the ability to paint across UDIM tiles. Adobe has released Substance Painter 2020.2. If you decide to buy one of the accessory plates, the stir-fry plate I think, you get a free handle with this !!!! We have had our cobb since about 2004 only replaced handle because we lost it, Allan made it. However, unlesss your order is above £45, P&P costs are £3.50.įormer Scout, Thanks for that, will have to invest in a new one I think, shame it's gonna cost £ 6 in total though. lost the handle thingy for grill, must of left it at site image: - forum_images/smiley19.gifĭid consider cadac stuff- but wanted an alternative to gas cooking- if cylinder fails/runs out/or using for stove to cook other bits- glad we chose cobbīebbs, you can buy a new grill handle direct from COBB. Not had any problems so far with anything breaking. Cooks a roast really well- brill taste, and cooked chicken nuggets and waffles for children easily and quickly for first night 'quicky' meal, with pizza and garlic bread for us. We love our new cobb,bought recently. used it this weekend, meant that we could cook for family despite the weather. I agree with you steve although most cobb owners have experienced zero problems a few have in regard to the non stick plates and the original plastic bowls either splittin or melting hence the change to s/s.Īnd CADAC ? waste of money. Right let me give you my opinion !!! I have got the newer Cobb and swear by it, but this is what I have found : The coating does come off the grill plate, but, only if you use any sort of scourer as I have done !! As far as cooking times go, the only time I have found mine to be slow is when it is windy and to rectify this I use a small concertina type wind-break placed around it !! Finally, it has got to be the most versatile piece of kit you could ever buy !!!!!!!! Its called A Cadac Remember that name and buy a Cobb As for the weight.īetter Probably is better than a lot of makes of barbie but I'll stick with my Cobbįaster.To burn it on the outside & leave it raw in the middle. It's the biggest problem with a Cobb barbeque.īigger' Try finding space to keep it amongst the rest of your gear. You forgot to mention that a Cadac is heavy, a job to clean,blowes out easy,and food tastes the same as when cooked in a gas oven. Ok so it might take a few mins longer to cook than 'certain gas powered devices' but the food is cooked thoroughly not burn on outside and raw in middle :) No problem with our cobb at all, mesh style we bought in sept 2006 cooks everything we want it to and more. Got to go now as i need to turn up my fan heater in the bedroom pod!īigger' Better Faster.Its called A Cadac Cold beans and Bread for meals.With the increase in camping gadgets we are not watching our carbon footprint. Only stating the facts, ) we luv the cobb but quality control needs improving.Īre we talking about the same sort of Cobb barbeque? Mine has been absolutely faultless. Quote: Originally posted by scarletsfan on Its slow at cooking, but you can do so much with it, far more than a £ 10 BBQ from woolworths!! I have not had any problems with the non stick grill. I have had my mesh type Cobb since June 2006 and it is the best thing I have bought in the last ten years of camping. We have a Mk1 Cobb (ie black plastic outer) that was purchased 4 yrs ago for £35 as it was old stock.It had a plain ali grill plate which we replaced with the non stick version.It is still going strong and giving great service.The only problem with it is that you can't remove the inner bowl, which makes it a 'B' to clean,but as a replacement is nigh on £100,I can live with it. How dare you dis the cobb o ) n this forum Woolworths sell BBQ's for £8.50 which don't suffer the same problems. Obviously there was design faults with the original casing hence the move to stainless steel (and price increase) that Cobb were not going to own up to and also problems with the adhesion of the none stick coating to the grill plates.Īlthough we like the concept and practicality of the Cobb feel that problems like this should not happen on a piece of kit costing approx £100.00. We sourced our Cobb from Cobb UK and when we contacted Graham about the problems it seemed we were the only ones experiencing these type of problems!!!! The third plate had a different finish to it and has lasted well to date (touch wood). ![]() Just been trolling thru some old comments concerning problems with Cobb BBQ cases melting/splitting, non stick peeling off etc and can confirm that we are on our second case, new metal type (the original black plastic one split in two places) and our third grill plate as original one started losing the coating after about 6 uses and the replacement plate lasted the same. ![]() Printed From: .uk Camping and Caravanning Equipmentįorum Description: Advice and queries on all camping and caravanning, and outdoor equipment from airbeds to fridges! ![]() ![]() Cobb Faults Discussion Printer Version - .uk Forums Advertisement ![]() Learn how to add a bionic ring, add a scanning effect, and finish with a complete screen display. Use this video tutorial to create a stunning heads-up display all focused around the eye’s iris. Learn how to use null objects and to create spotlights that will make your scenes stand out. Learn how to manipulate light levels and create film quality scenes in Adobe After Effects with this video tutorial. How to Create a Cinematic with After Effects It’s a great choice when you need to add a dose of fun to your projects. Need something a little on the light-hearted side? Look no further than this cartoon elements pack. Laura Hawk shows us how she uses a combination of Adobe Illustrator and After Effects to create an effect that feels like cel animation without spending hours painstakingly drawing each frame by hand.Ĭartoon Elements After Effects Template (with Envato Elements) How to Create Hand-Drawn Animations in After Effects Completely customizable, and each animation has its own unique sound effect included. Make your videos stand out with this wonderful resource of animated electrical flash art. This tutorial has a video walkthrough as well as a written version.Įlectric Elements After Effects Template (with Envato Elements) Save yourself some money on tilt-shift camera lenses and use this tutorial to recreate the same effects with Adobe After Effects. What are your thoughts? You agree we are in a bubble? Please like and share.View All After Effects Templates Special Effects How To Create A Miniature Effect in After Effects Now combine this very likely bubble burst with the Regulation A+ measures of the JOBS Act that were announced a couple of weeks ago and that will go into effect in the coming months, and we should expect big changes in the private equity funding landscape in the U.S. It will also hurt the venture capital funds that have heavily invested in them, with possible further consequences in the whole financing chain coming down to Series C, B, and A. The burst will definitely hurt these companies, leading many of them to shut down. In fact the bubble is so obvious that these billion-dollar startups don’t even want to go public because they know they’ll not get the same valuations at IPO. Unlike the 2001 bubble, this one is on late-stage private startups. Valuations of Facebook, Apple, Google, and Amazon are definitely well above “normal,” and a big correction may happen anytime, but that will not necessarily be triggered by the tech bubble we are talking about here, even though it may be one of its facilitating factors. As a matter of fact, the valuations of tech public companies in the U.S. Unlike the dotcom bubble, this one is focused on private companies and not public ones, at least in the U.S. Well, it depends on how you envision the “burst.” Let’s have a second look and see where exactly the bubble is. This is crazy, right? So when is the bubble going to burst? As a reminder, during the dot come bubble, the P/E in the US was around 160. You know you’re in a bubble when Chinese tech average price per earnings for public tech companies is 220. You know you’re in a bubble when in the last 12 months, seed investments are divided by three, while late stage investments are multiplied by 2.5 great seed projects get denied by VCs who focus on reinvesting in big unicorns. Untested founders are preferred to experienced entrepreneurs.the startup should not worry about making revenue during the startup phase - not even at the Series A stage. You know you are in a bubble when a prominent Silicon Valley VC analyzes the common denominator among all billion-dollar startups at their Series A stage and concludes that it should add some new criteria to its deal flow selection such as: You know you’re in a bubble when each month 2 or 3 new members join this billion dollar club. You know you’re in a bubble when no fewer than 100 startups are worth over a billion dollars. ![]() It’s a solid stand that easily holds my Galaxy S5. The first thing I noticed is that the stand is not a flimsy piece of junk. The package includes the stand, a CD containing the desktop software, and instructions for downloading the mobile app. The WorldCard Mobile Phone Kit consists of a mobile phone stand and business card holder, smartphone apps for iOS and Android, and desktop apps for Windows and Mac. I gave it a run through and here are my thoughts on it. The folks over at PenPower Inc just sent me over their WorldCard Mobile Phone Kit to try out. There are many business card scanning apps out there that do basically the same thing with varying degrees of success. Business cards were one area that I keyed in on when I first started. There are so many app review sites out there but it’s hard to find one that focuses on business applications. Sort recognized information by name, position, company, phone number and address.If you’ve been reading my site since it was MobileApps4Biz then you know I started this whole “blogging” thing so that I could find apps to help me in my consulting business. With adjustable business card holder and perfect angle, it can capture and recognize business cards automatically. It is your ultimate tool to manage you contact info effectively and spend more time to work with your contacts With synchronization function, you can keep in touch and manage your contacts on iPhone, Android phone or PC. It can capture and recognize business cards with your smartphone automatically. It can manage contacts on your smartphone and PC via Cloud WorldCard Mobil Phone Kit is a smartphone stand, and also a business card reader. Windows: Windows 8 Desktop Mode / 7/ Vista / XP Learn more about the PenPower WorldCard Mobile Phone Kit (SWMOPK01EN) Model BrandĬompatibility Operating Systems Supported It weighs only 220 grams, and features an ultra-slim form factor for the ultimate portability. This stand comes with a custom aluminum alloy body. Transfer data with Outlook, Salesforce, ACT!, and other software. It provides sorting management, quick search, mail sending, Skype, print service for various kinds of labels and envelops. Manage and access your contacts on all your devices, iPhone, Android Phone, PC, and Mac. You can effortlessly synchronize contacts’ information via Gmail contacts, and store them in Dropbox and iCloud. It allows you to easily make calls, send email, plan route and connect to social networks, Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. With it, your smartphone can automatically capture business cards and recognize contacts’ information. ![]() It’s compatible with iOS 6 or later, Android v2.3 or later, Windows 8 Desktop Mode / 7/ Vista / XP, and OS X v10.6.8 or later. Note: It’s designed to use with most smartphones. The lightweight and compact design allows for easy carrying. Then, you can easily synchronize with Google Contacts, easily make calls, send emails, or connect through social network, and more. You only need to press the camera shutter button on your phone to capture the information on the business card. It offers two holders, one in the front to hold your smartphone in place and one in the back to hold a business card. The WorldCard Mobile Phone Kit is an ideal hardware/software combination, and works with your smartphone to convert business card into digital format. His work also includes a Piano sonata two symphonies the Cello concerto 'Tout un monde lointain' (A whole distant world) the Violin concerto 'L'arbre des songes' (The tree of dreams) and the string quartet 'Ainsi la nuit' (Thus the night). Henri Dutilleux was internationally acclaimed for his work winning prizes such as the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society and the UNESCO's International Rostrum of Composers among many others. For upper-advanced / experienced players. A quotation from Bartok’s piece 'Music for Strings Percussion and Celesta' can be noticed atthe end of the first verse. Vi har information om 1 personer som har arbetat p 'Trois strophes sur le nom de Sacher'. The whole set requires the lowest strings of the Cello to be turned lower: G string to F sharp and C string to B flat. Titel: Trois strophes sur le nom de Sacher Originaltitel: Trois strophes sur le nom de Sacher r: 1989 Lngd: 12 minuter Alla medverkande. Henri Dutilleux composed the first part of this volume for the celebration and added the final two pieces later in 1976. ![]() It was first performed in an audition by the latter in 1982. Written on the occasion of Paul Sacher’s birthday this 3 Strophes Sur Le Nom De Sacher features three Cello pieces composed by Henri Dutilleux and reviewed by Mstislav Rostropovitch. His work also includes a Piano sonata, two symphonies, the Cello concerto 'Tout un monde lointain' (A whole distant world), the Violin concerto 'L'arbre des songes' (The tree of dreams) and the string quartet 'Ainsi la nuit' (Thus the night)./ Répertoire / Violoncelle Solo Instrumentation : Violoncelle Solo ![]() Henri Dutilleux was internationally acclaimed for his work, winning prizes such as the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society and the UNESCO's International Rostrum of Composers, among many others. A quotation from Bartok's piece 'Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta' can be noticed atthe end of the first verse. The whole set requires the lowest strings of the Cello to be turned lower: G string to F sharp and C string to B flat. Trois strophes sur le nom de Paul Sacher, pour violoncelle seul: I. ![]() Henri Dutilleux composed the first part of this volume for the celebration and added the final two pieces later in 1976. Dutilleux: Tout Un Monde Lointain, Trois Strophes - Caplet: Epiphanie. Written on the occasion of Paul Sacher's birthday, this 3 Strophes Sur Le Nom De Sacher features three Cello pieces composed by Henri Dutilleux and reviewed by Mstislav Rostropovitch. ![]() Where the second line is the command given to ed to print the relevant lines, and the third line is the command to exit from the editor. Before grep existed as a separate command, the same effect might have been achieved in an editor: The name of grep derives from a usage in the Unix text editor ed and related programs. ![]() The following prints all lines in the file that begin with the letter a, followed by any one character, followed by the letter sequence ple. Regular expressions can be used to match more complicated text patterns. txt in a given directory may be searched if the shell supports globbing by using an asterisk as part of the filename: For example, all files having the extension. Multiple file names may be specified in the argument list. Case-insensitive matching occurs when the argument option -i (ignore case) is given. However, the search pattern specified as an argument is case sensitive by default, so this example's output does not include lines containing Apple (with a capital A) unless they also contain apple. Matches occur when the specific sequence of characters is recognized, for example, lines containing pineapple or apples are printed irrespective of word boundaries. By default, it reports matching lines on standard output, but specific modes of operation may be chosen with command line options.Ī simple example of a common usage of grep is the following, which searches the file fruitlist.txt for lines containing the text string apple: Grep searches files specified as arguments, or, if missing, the program's standard input. Grep's official creation date is given as March 3, 1973, in the Manual for Unix Version 4. In ed, the command g/re/p would print all lines matching a previously defined pattern. Grep was created by Ken Thompson as a standalone application adapted from the regular expression parser he had written for ed (which he also created). 2 Under another, adversaries can poison AI systems, installing backdoors that can be used at a time and place of their choosing to destroy the system. Under one type of attack, adversaries can gain control over a state-of-the-art AI system with a small but carefully chosen manipulation, ranging from a piece of tape on a stop sign 1 to a sprinkling of digital dust invisible to the human eye on a digital image. This vulnerability is due to inherent limitations in the state-of-the-art AI methods that leave them open to a devastating set of attacks that are as insidious as they are dangerous. Call it an “artificial intelligence attack” (AI attack). What we see as a slightly vandalized stop sign, a compromised artificial intelligence system sees as a green light. The artificial intelligence algorithms that are being called upon to deliver this future have a problem: by virtue of the way they learn, they can be attacked and controlled by an adversary. This is a study of how an obscure problem within artificial intelligence-currently the concern of a tiny subfield of yet another subfield of computer science-is on a dangerous collision course with the economic, military, and societal security of the future, and what can be done about it. It’s hard to argue with that type of return on a $1.50 investment in tape. Done at the largest intersections in leading metropolitan areas, it would bring the transportation system to its knees. Done at one sleepy intersection, this would cause an accident. Placing a few small pieces of tape inconspicuously on a stop sign at an intersection, he can magically transform the stop sign into a green light in the eyes of a self-driving car. He will need only electrical tape and a good pair of walking shoes. The terrorist of the 21st century will not necessarily need bombs, uranium, or biological weapons. In the private sector, regulators should make compliance mandatory for high-risk uses of AI where attacks would have severe societal consequences, and optional for lower-risk uses in order to avoid disrupting innovation. Regulators should require compliance both for government use of AI systems and as a pre-condition for selling AI systems to the government. Regulators should mandate compliance for governmental and high-risk uses of AI. ![]() This program is modeled on existing compliance programs in other industries, such as PCI compliance for securing payment transactions, and would be implemented by appropriate regulatory bodies for their relevant constituents. Compliance programs would accomplish this by encouraging stakeholders to adopt a set of best practices in securing systems against AI attacks, including considering attack risks and surfaces when deploying AI systems, adopting IT-reforms to make attacks difficult to execute, and creating attack response plans. Public policy creating “AI Security Compliance” programs will reduce the risk of attacks on AI systems and lower the impact of successful attacks. This report proposes “AI Security Compliance” programs to protect against AI attacks. These areas are attractive targets for attack, and are growing more vulnerable due to their increasing adoption of artificial intelligence for critical tasks. There are five areas most immediately affected by artificial intelligence attacks: content filters, the military, law enforcement, traditionally human-based tasks being replaced by AI, and civil society. Data can also be weaponized in new ways using these attacks, requiring changes in the way data is collected, stored, and used.Ĭritical parts of society are already vulnerable. For the first time, physical objects can be now used for cyberattacks (e.g., an AI attack can transform a stop sign into a green light in the eyes of a self-driving car by simply placing a few pieces of tape on the stop sign itself). Further, AI attacks fundamentally expand the set of entities that can be used to execute cyberattacks. Unlike traditional cyberattacks that are caused by “bugs” or human mistakes in code, AI attacks are enabled by inherent limitations in the underlying AI algorithms that currently cannot be fixed. These “AI attacks” are fundamentally different from traditional cyberattacks. As artificial intelligence systems are further integrated into critical components of society, these artificial intelligence attacks represent an emerging and systematic vulnerability with the potential to have significant effects on the security of the country. The methods underpinning the state-of-the-art artificial intelligence systems are systematically vulnerable to a new type of cybersecurity attack called an “artificial intelligence attack.” Using this attack, adversaries can manipulate these systems in order to alter their behavior to serve a malicious end goal. Artificial intelligence systems can be attacked. |
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